Análisis del diagnóstico de parásitos gastrointestinales de aves de traspatio en el departamento del Tolima

La avicultura de traspatio es una actividad pecuaria de gran importancia para la economía de las comunidades rurales del país, caracterizada por la baja inversión requerida y por la facilidad para efectuarla; Sin embargo, el parasitismo en un aspecto general ha afectado a diferentes especies aviares (Ornamentales, ponedoras y engorde) en cualquier etapa productiva. Los parásitos forman parte de un amplio problema de salud en las aves de corral en donde se evidencia con más fuerza en pequeñas y medianas producciones del país. En Colombia, específicamente en el departamento del Tolima no se ha realizado la caracterización parasitaria en aves de traspatio, por lo cual surge la idea. Para la realización del presente proyecto se contó con personal profesional idóneamente capacitado para la debida recolección y análisis copro-parasitario; El diagnóstico está basado en pruebas de alta sensibilidad y especificidad para la identificación de huevos de parásitos gastrointestinales como la prueba simple de flotación por un tubo y cuantificación de ooquistes con cámara de McMaster. Se analizaron 69 pruebas de aves de traspatio provenientes de diferentes municipios del departamento del Tolima (Guamo, Melgar, Carmen de Apicala, Saldaña y Suarez), evidenciándose la presencia de parásitos de Trichuris spp, Eimeria tenella, Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarium, Capillaria spp, Strongyloides avium y Raillietina spp. En el departamento del Tolima la población avícola se dividió en tres subpoblaciones, identificando las afecciones parasitarias en pollos de engorde, diagnosticando los parásitos en sistemas de producción de gallina ponedora y caracterizando en aves de ornato los parásitos gastrointestinales que conviven con la especie Gallus gallus. En pollos de engorde el 20,3% presentaba infestación parasitaria y se identificaron todas las especies parasitarias mencionadas anteriormente. En gallinas ponedoras, el 43,5% arrojaron resultados positivos, y se encontraron seis especies parasitarias, mientras que en aves de ornato solamente el 2,8% presentó prevalencia parasitaria con tal especie.Backyard poultry farming is a livestock activity of great importance for the economy of rural communities in the country, characterized by the low investment required and the ease of carrying it out; However, parasitism in a general aspect has affected different avian species (Ornamental, laying and fattening) in any productive stage. Parasites are part of a broad health problem in poultry where it is most evident in small and medium-sized productions in the country. In Colombia, specifically in the department of Tolima, parasitic characterization in backyard birds has not been carried out, which is why the idea arose. For the realization of the present project, professional personnel suitably trained for the proper collection and copro-parasitic analysis were available; Diagnosis is based on highly sensitive and specific tests for the identification of gastrointestinal parasite eggs, such as the simple tube flotation test and quantification of oocysts with the McMaster chamber. 69 tests of backyard birds from different municipalities of the department of Tolima (Guamo, Melgar, Carmen de Apicala, Saldaña and Suarez) were analyzed, showing the presence of parasites of Trichuris spp, Eimeria tenella, Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarium, Capillaria spp. , Strongyloides avium and Raillietina spp. In the department of Tolima, the poultry population was divided into three subpopulations, identifying parasitic conditions in broilers, diagnosing parasites in laying hen production systems, and characterizing gastrointestinal parasites in ornamental birds that coexist with the species Gallus gallus. In broilers, 20.3% presented parasitic infestation and all the parasitic species mentioned above were identified. In laying hens, 43.5% showed positive results, and six parasitic species were found, while in ornamental birds only 2.8% presented parasitic prevalence with that species.1. Resumen. -- 2. Abstract. -- 3. Planteamiento del problema. -- 4. Justificación. -- 5. Objetivos. -- 5.1. Objetivo general. -- 5.2. Objetivos específicos. -- 6. Marco Referencial. -- 7. Antecedentes. -- 8. Metodología. -- 8.1. Preparación de jarabe coprológico. -- 8.2. Técnica de McMaster. -- 8.3. Técnica de flotación. -- 9. Resultados. -- 10. Conclusiones. -- 11. Referencias

Differences between Atrial Fibrillation Detected before and after Stroke and TIA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Preliminary evidence suggests that patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) detected after stroke (AFDAS) may have a lower prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities and lower risk of stroke recurrence than AF known before stroke (KAF). Objective: We performed a systematic search and meta-analysis to compare the characteristics of AFDAS and KAF. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE for articles reporting differences between AFDAS and KAF until June 30, 2021. We performed random- or fixed-effects meta-analyses to evaluate differences between AFDAS and KAF in demographic factors, vascular risk factors, prevalent vascular comorbidities, structural heart disease, stroke severity, insular cortex involvement, stroke recurrence, and death. Results: In 21 studies including 22,566 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, the prevalence of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, prior myocardial infarction, and a history of cerebrovascular events was significantly lower in AFDAS than KAF. Left atrial size was smaller, and left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in AFDAS than KAF. The risk of recurrent stroke was 26% lower in AFDAS than in KAF. There were no differences in age, sex, stroke severity, or death rates between AFDAS and KAF. There were not enough studies to report differences in insular cortex involvement between AF types. Conclusions: We found significant differences in the prevalence of vascular comorbidities, structural heart disease, and stroke recurrence rates between AFDAS and KAF, suggesting that they constitute different clinical entities within the AF spectrum. PROSPERO registration number is CRD42020202622

Proyecto VELUZ S.A.S. “Sigue una Luz y no mires hacia atrás”

Queremos hacer velas personalizadas para motivar a nuestros diferentes grupos de interés y a clientes para que tengan nuevos diseños de acuerdo a sus gustos y necesidades, de igual forma para motivarlos en el momento de compra de nuestro producto. Esta nueva estrategia que hemos implantado de sacar al mercado velas de acuerdo al gusto de nuestros clientes nos ayuda primero a aumentar nuestros ingresos, de igual forma a retener a nuestros clientes por mucho tiempo y satisfacer sus necesidades y deseos. Y como es de esperarse aumentar las ventas

Proyecto VELUZ S.A.S. “Sigue una Luz y no mires hacia atrás”

Queremos hacer velas personalizadas para motivar a nuestros diferentes grupos de interés y a clientes para que tengan nuevos diseños de acuerdo a sus gustos y necesidades, de igual forma para motivarlos en el momento de compra de nuestro producto. Esta nueva estrategia que hemos implantado de sacar al mercado velas de acuerdo al gusto de nuestros clientes nos ayuda primero a aumentar nuestros ingresos, de igual forma a retener a nuestros clientes por mucho tiempo y satisfacer sus necesidades y deseos. Y como es de esperarse aumentar las ventas

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - cuarto trimestre de 2021

El año 2021 se caracterizó por una recuperación económica global más rápida de lo previsto a inicios del año. Esta recuperación trajo consigo aumentos en los precios de los commodities y en algunos casos, disrupciones de las cadenas globales de suministro dado la creciente demanda, lo que llevó a un aumento de las presiones inflacionarias a nivel global. Como respuesta a estas presiones, la mayoría de los bancos centrales a nivel global comenzó a retirar el estímulo monetario adoptado durante 2020 para afrontar la pandemia

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - primer trimestre de 2022

El primer trimestre de 2022 se caracterizó por la continuación de las presiones inflacionarias a nivel global, las cuales se vieron acentuadas por el aumento de los precios de los commodities tras la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania. En este contexto, la mayoría de los bancos centrales continuó retirando el estímulo monetario adoptado durante la pandemia lo cual llevó a un aumento de las tasas de interés, así como en las tasas de los títulos de deuda

Reporte de Mercados Financieros - segundo trimestre de 2021

El Banco de la República genera información para la toma de decisiones, la rendición de cuentas y la difusión al público. En particular, el Reporte de Mercados Financieros está enmarcado dentro del principio de difusión al público y contribuye a cumplir con el servicio que presta el Banco de ofrecer información e investigación económica de calidad

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Spatiotemporal mapping of malaria prevalence in Madagascar using routine surveillance and health survey data.

Malaria transmission in Madagascar is highly heterogeneous, exhibiting spatial, seasonal and long-term trends. Previous efforts to map malaria risk in Madagascar used prevalence data from Malaria Indicator Surveys. These cross-sectional surveys, conducted during the high transmission season most recently in 2013 and 2016, provide nationally representative prevalence data but cover relatively short time frames. Conversely, monthly case data are collected at health facilities but suffer from biases, including incomplete reporting and low rates of treatment seeking. We combined survey and case data to make monthly maps of prevalence between 2013 and 2016. Health facility catchment populations were estimated to produce incidence rates from the case data. Smoothed incidence surfaces, environmental and socioeconomic covariates, and survey data informed a Bayesian prevalence model, in which a flexible incidence-to-prevalence relationship was learned. Modelled spatial trends were consistent over time, with highest prevalence in the coastal regions and low prevalence in the highlands and desert south. Prevalence was lowest in 2014 and peaked in 2015 and seasonality was widely observed, including in some lower transmission regions. These trends highlight the utility of monthly prevalence estimates over the four year period. By combining survey and case data using this two-step modelling approach, we were able to take advantage of the relative strengths of each metric while accounting for potential bias in the case data. Similar modelling approaches combining large datasets of different malaria metrics may be applicable across sub-Saharan Africa

Indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on malaria intervention coverage, morbidity, and mortality in Africa: a geospatial modelling analysis.

BACKGROUND: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the burden of malaria in Africa since 2000, but those gains could be jeopardised if the COVID-19 pandemic affects the availability of key malaria control interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate plausible effects on malaria incidence and mortality under different levels of disruption to malaria control. METHODS: Using an established set of spatiotemporal Bayesian geostatistical models, we generated geospatial estimates across malaria-endemic African countries of the clinical case incidence and mortality of malaria, incorporating an updated database of parasite rate surveys, insecticide-treated net (ITN) coverage, and effective treatment rates. We established a baseline estimate for the anticipated malaria burden in Africa in the absence of COVID-19-related disruptions, and repeated the analysis for nine hypothetical scenarios in which effective treatment with an antimalarial drug and distribution of ITNs (both through routine channels and mass campaigns) were reduced to varying extents. FINDINGS: We estimated 215·2 (95% uncertainty interval 143·7-311·6) million cases and 386·4 (307·8-497·8) thousand deaths across malaria-endemic African countries in 2020 in our baseline scenario of undisrupted intervention coverage. With greater reductions in access to effective antimalarial drug treatment, our model predicted increasing numbers of cases and deaths: 224·1 (148·7-326·8) million cases and 487·9 (385·3-634·6) thousand deaths with a 25% reduction in antimalarial drug coverage; 233·1 (153·7-342·5) million cases and 597·4 (468·0-784·4) thousand deaths with a 50% reduction; and 242·3 (158·7-358·8) million cases and 715·2 (556·4-947·9) thousand deaths with a 75% reduction. Halting planned 2020 ITN mass distribution campaigns and reducing routine ITN distributions by 25%-75% also increased malaria burden to a total of 230·5 (151·6-343·3) million cases and 411·7 (322·8-545·5) thousand deaths with a 25% reduction; 232·8 (152·3-345·9) million cases and 415·5 (324·3-549·4) thousand deaths with a 50% reduction; and 234·0 (152·9-348·4) million cases and 417·6 (325·5-553·1) thousand deaths with a 75% reduction. When ITN coverage and antimalarial drug coverage were synchronously reduced, malaria burden increased to 240·5 (156·5-358·2) million cases and 520·9 (404·1-691·9) thousand deaths with a 25% reduction; 251·0 (162·2-377·0) million cases and 640·2 (492·0-856·7) thousand deaths with a 50% reduction; and 261·6 (167·7-396·8) million cases and 768·6 (586·1-1038·7) thousand deaths with a 75% reduction. INTERPRETATION: Under pessimistic scenarios, COVID-19-related disruption to malaria control in Africa could almost double malaria mortality in 2020, and potentially lead to even greater increases in subsequent years. To avoid a reversal of two decades of progress against malaria, averting this public health disaster must remain an integrated priority alongside the response to COVID-19. FUNDING: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Channel 7 Telethon Trust, Western Australia